IQINISO-HLOLA ISIQINISEKISO
Ukutsheka Kwezepolitiki
& Ithoni Yemizwa
I-athikili ayichemi ngokwepolitiki njengoba igxile emaqinisweni esayensi nocwaningo mayelana neminyaka yokuphila kwezilwane futhi ayixoxi noma ivune noma yimiphi imibono yezepolitiki noma iqembu.
Kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa.
Ithoni yemizwa ayichemile njengoba yethula ulwazi ngendlela eqondile neyiqiniso ngaphandle kokuveza noma yimuphi umzwelo othile.
Kwenziwe kusetshenziswa ubuhlakani bokwenziwa.
| Ngu Richard Ahern - Ukungafi kuyinto encane kakhulu kunalokho abaningi abangakucabanga; kuyilapho izilwane eziningana zaziwa ukuthi zinesikhathi sokuphila ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-100, ezimbalwa kuphela ezikhethiwe ezingaphila phakade ngempela.
Ubude bokuphila buhluka kakhulu kusuka kwezinhlobo nezinhlobo. Nakuba isilinganiso sabantu emazweni athuthukile sineminyaka engaba ngu-80 ubudala, izinambuzane ezinjengeMayfly ziphila amahora angu-24 nje kuphela, kuyilapho izilwane ezinjengofudu olukhulu kwaziwa ukuthi zineminyaka engaphezu kuka-200 ubudala.
Kodwa ukungafi kuyingqayizivele futhi kutholakala kuphela kulezi zinhlobo ezimbalwa.
1 Tree wētā - amakhilikithi amakhulu
I-Tree wētā amakhilikithi amakhulu angenakundiza angawomndeni wakwa-Anostostomatidae wezinambuzane. Izinhlobo ezitholakala eNew Zealand, lezi cricket ezinye zezinambuzane ezinzima kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngokujwayelekile ezitholakala emahlathini nasezingadini zasemadolobheni, lezi zidalwa zibalulekile ocwaningweni lwe-ecology nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Kufika ku-40mm (1.6in) ubude nesisindo esingu-3-7g (0.1-0.25oz), isihlahla i-wētā siyachuma emigodini engaphakathi kwezihlahla, ezinakekelwa yizo futhi ezaziwa ngokuthi amagalari. Ama-Weta avame ukutholakala ngamaqembu, ngokuvamile aneduna elilodwa kuya kwabesifazane abayishumi.
Ziyizilwane ezihamba ebusuku, ezicasha emini futhi zidla amaqabunga, izimbali, izithelo nezinambuzane ezincane ebusuku. Lapho isencane, i-weta izokhipha ama-exoskeletons ayo izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili phakathi neminyaka emibili ize ifinyelele usayizi wabantu abadala.
Nansi ingxenye emangazayo...
Lezi zinambuzane zibonisa ukuqina okungavamile emakhazeni, ngenxa yalokho amaprotheni akhethekile egazini labo. Noma izinhliziyo nobuchopho babo buba yiqhwa, "bangavuselelwa" lapho buncibilika, bubonise indlela yokusinda emangalisayo.
Ngaphandle kwalapho zibulawa izilwane ezidla ezinye, lezi zinambuzane zingakwazi ukuphila phakade.
2 Isibungu esiyiplanarian
Isihluthulelo sokungafi singase sisesibungwini.
Lokho akuyona inganekwane yesayensi - kungukutholwa okuvela kuyo abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseNottingham. Bathola into emangazayo mayelana nohlobo lwesikelemu esingavula izimfihlo zokuguga komuntu.
Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi izilwane ezithile zingakwazi ukuvuselela ukulimala esithweni esithile somzimba, njengesibindi kubantu kanye nenhliziyo ku-zebrafish, kodwa lesi silwane singakwazi ukubuyisela wonke umzimba waso.
Hlangana nezikelemu zeplanethi.
Lezi zikelemu ziye zaphazamisa ososayensi iminyaka ngeminyaka ngekhono labo elibonakala lingapheli ukuvuselela noma yisiphi isifunda somzimba esilahlekile. Lezi zikelemu zingakhulisa imisipha emisha, isikhumba, amathumbu, ngisho nobuchopho ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Lezi zidalwa ezingafi azigugi njengathi. UDkt. Aziz Aboobaker wase-University of Nottingham's School of Biology wachaza ukuthi lezi zikelemu zingagwema ukuguga futhi zigcine amangqamuzana azo ehlukana. Cishe awafi.
Imfihlo ilele kuma-telomere...
I-Telomeres “amakepisi” avikelayo ekugcineni kwamakhromozomu ethu. Cabanga ngazo njengeziphetho zentambo yezicathulo - zivimbela izintambo ukuthi zingabhidli.
Isikhathi ngasinye lapho ingqamuzana lihlukana, lawa ma-telomere aba mafushane. Ekugcineni, ingqamuzana lilahlekelwa ikhono lalo lokuvuselela nokuhlukanisa. Izilwane ezingafi njengezikelemu ze-planarian kufanele zigcine ama-telomere azo angafinyeleli.
Nali impumelelo...
UDkt. Aboobaker wabikezela ukuthi izikelemu ze-planarian zigcina iziphetho zamakhromozomu azo kuma-stem cells amadala. Lokhu kuholela kulokho okungase kube ukungafi kwethiyori.
Lolu cwaningo bekungelula. Ithimba lenze uchungechunge lwezivivinyo eziqinile ukuze lwembule ukungafi kwesikelemu. Ekugcineni bathola iqhinga le-molecular elihlakaniphile elenza amangqamuzana akwazi ukuhlukana unomphela ngaphandle kweziphetho ezifinyeziwe zechromosome.
Ezintweni eziningi eziphilayo, i-enzyme ebizwa ngokuthi i-telomerase inesibopho sokugcina ama-telomere. Kodwa njengoba sikhula, umsebenzi wawo uyancipha.
Lolu cwaningo luhlonze inguqulo engaba yi-planarian ye-gene coding ye-telomerase. Bathole ukuthi izikelemu ze-asexual zandisa kakhulu umsebenzi walesi sakhi sofuzo lapho zikhiqiza kabusha, okuvumela ama-stem cells ukuthi agcine ama-telomere awo.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izikelemu ezizalanisa ucansi azibonakali zigcina ubude be-telomere ngendlela efanayo ne-asexual. Lokhu kwehluka kwamangaza abacwaningi, njengoba zombili lezi zinhlobo zinamandla angapheli okuvuselela.
Ngakho-ke, kusho ukuthini lokhu?
Ithimba licabanga ukuthi izikelemu ezizalanayo zingagcina zibonise imiphumela yokufinyeza i-telomere noma zisebenzise enye indlela.
Lezi zibungu zingase zibe nezimfihlo ezingaphezu kokungafi kwazo. USolwazi Douglas Kell, Isikhulu Esiphezulu se-BSSRC, waphawula ukuthi lolu cwaningo lunegalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu izinqubo zokuguga. Kungaba ukhiye wokuthuthukisa impilo nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise nabantu.
3 I-jellyfish engafi
I-Turritopsis dohrnii, eyaziwa nangokuthi i- i-jellyfish engafi, ithole ukunakwa ngenxa yekhono layo elingavamile lokubuyela esigabeni sokungavuthwa ngokobulili ngemva kokufinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokobulili.
Itholakala emanzini apholile kuya ezindaweni ezishisayo emhlabeni wonke, iqala ukuphila njengezibungu ezincane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama- planulae. La ma- planula azala ama-polyp akha ikoloni anamathele phansi olwandle, agcine ehluma njenge-jellyfish. Lawa ma-clones afanayo ngokofuzo enza uhlobo olunamagatsha amaningi, olungajwayelekile phakathi kwe-jellyfish eminingi.
Njengoba zikhula, zivuthwa ngokobulili futhi zidle ezinye izinhlobo ze-jellyfish. Uma echayeke ekucindezelekeni, ekuguleni, noma ebudaleni, u-T. dohrnii angabuyela esigabeni se-polyp ngokusebenzisa inqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-transdifferentiation.
Inqubo emangalisayo ye-transdifferentiation ivumela amaseli ukuthi aguquke abe izinhlobo ezintsha, ngokuphumelelayo okwenza i-T. dohrnii ibe yokungafi. Ngokwethiyori, le nqubo ingaqhubeka unomphela, noma kunjalo, ngokwemvelo, ukudlwengulwa noma izifo kusengadala ukufa ngaphandle kokubuyela efomini le-polyp. Lesi simo asigcini nje ku-T. dohrnii - amakhono afanayo abonakala ku-jellyfish i-Laodicea undulata kanye nezinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Aurelia.
Ukungafi okungaba khona kwe-T. dohrnii kuholele le jellyfish ekukhanyeni kocwaningo lwesayensi. Amandla ayo ebhayoloji ahlukile anemithelela eminingi ocwaningweni lwebhayoloji eyisisekelo, izinqubo zokuguga, kanye nezicelo zemithi.
Imithelela empilweni yomuntu nokuphila isikhathi eside
Ucwaningo ngalezi zinhlobo zezilwane luvule umnyango wokuqonda ukuguga ezingeni lamangqamuzana.
Ngamagama alula, lezi zilwane zingase zisifundise indlela yokungafi - noma okungenani indlela yokunciphisa ukuguga nezici ezihlobene neminyaka emangqamuzaneni omuntu.
Isikhathi nocwaningo olwengeziwe kuphela oluzosho ukuthi lezi zinto ezitholakele zingasho ukuthini esintwini. Kodwa into eyodwa eqinisekile - lezi zilwane zingakuchaza kabusha esikwaziyo ngokuphila nokuphila isikhathi eside.
Joyina ingxoxo!