the Imfihlo ENKULU ukuthi I-BIG Pharma ucabanga ukuthi uyisiphukuphuku ukuba ungaqonda!
Izidakamizwa, amagundane, i-DNA, nenkohlakalo ye-Big Pharma
Kubuyekezwe:
Funda
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Buka Okuningi
[Izibalo ezisemthethweni: 2 imithombo] [Idokhumenti yasenkantolo esemthethweni: 1 umthombo] [Iqonde ngqo emthonjeni: 1 umthombo] [Amagunya aphezulu namawebhusayithi athembekile: 2 imithombo]Kwake kwaphephile futhi kusebenza, manje sekuyingozi. Kungani kubuyelwa izidakamizwa eziningi kangaka?
By Richard Ahern - Ingabe kufanele sithembe ngokuphuphutheka ukuthi zonke izidakamizwa ziphephile futhi ziyasebenza ngoba i-FDA isho njalo? Ingabe isayensi eqhuba imboni yezemithi ihlale iphelele?
Ngo-2022, lena imibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele siyibuze!
Kulesi sihloko, sizophendula leyo mibuzo ebucayi.
Siphila esikhathini esingakaze sibe khona se-a ubhubhane lomhlaba wonke lapho umbuzo wokusebenza komgomo kanye nokuphepha kwemithi kungakaze kube phezulu engqondweni. Abaningi bethu bayakungabaza ukuphepha kwezidakamizwa, imigomo, kanye nokwelapha, kodwa ukuthola ubufakazi obuqinile bokusekela noma yini cishe akunakwenzeka ngelungu lomphakathi.
Eqinisweni, manje sesisezingeni lapho noma nini lapho othile engabaza ukusebenza kwezidakamizwa noma ukuphepha komgomo, kuyisenzakalo esivamile ukubona lowo muntu evinjelwe "ukusabalalisa ulwazi olungalungile" ezinkundleni zokuxhumana.
Uma umuthi usuvunyiwe yi-FDA, ohulumeni kanye I-Big Tech sifuna ukuthi singalinge singabaze ukuphepha kwayo. Labo abalokotha bangabaze “isayensi” yokuhlolwa kwemithi babizwa ngokuthi ama-theorists ozungu.
Futhi ...
Kube nenani lezidakamizwa ezikhunjulwayo eziyi-12,787 ezikhishwe yi-FDA kusukela ngo-2012.
Ngokwesilinganiso, izidakamizwa eziyi-1,279 zibuyiselwa emuva minyaka yonke. I-United States ihamba phambili ngokukhumbula abantu abangu-12,028, izwe elinesibili elikhunjulwa kakhulu yiCanada, elinezidakamizwa ezincane kakhulu ezingama-554 ezikhunjulwayo.
Lezo zibalo kufanele zikushaqise emnyombweni wakho, ngayinye yazo I-FDA iyakhumbula "Whoops, ngiyaxolisa ngokuphambanisa" yi-FDA.
Lesi sihloko esifakiwe sihlose ukuchaza isizathu esibangela inani elikhulu lokukhunjulwa kwezidakamizwa.
Ngobubanzi, lesi sihloko sihlose ukukhombisa ukuthi "awuphambene nesayensi" uma ubuza isayensi yokuhlolwa kwemithi.
Lena akuyona inkolelo-mbono, leli yiqiniso elishicilelwe ngokwesayensi ukuthi i-Big Pharma ishanele ngaphansi kombhoxo.
Ulwazi oluphazamisayo olwethulwe ngezansi lucindezelwe umphakathi wesayensi futhi akukho lutho olukhulunywa ngalo lungatholakala emithonjeni yezindaba evamile. Ngeshwa, ngenxa yokuthi isayensi yokuhlolwa kwemithi idinga ukuqonda okunengqondo kwebhayoloji, ingasaphathwa eyomcabango othile, kungenzeka ukuthi izintatheli eziningi aziqondi, ziyesaba kakhulu, noma zivilapha kakhulu ukubika ngakho. Lokho futhi kwenza kube nzima ngomphakathi wonkana ukuqonda ukuthi yini esengozini, okungenzeka ukuthi kungani lolu lwazi luhlale lusethunzini isikhathi eside kangaka.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isizathu esibi nakakhulu ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi izidakamizwa zihlolwa kanjani lizolimaza i-Big Pharma ngoba lifaka ukungabaza ngokuphepha kwezinkulungwane zezidakamizwa, imijovo yokugoma, kanye nokwelapha osekuvunyelwe kakade ukuba kusetshenziswe abantu. Uma sithathwa ngokungathi sína, singabona umzamo omkhulu wokuhlola kabusha le mithi ngenani elikhulu elikhunjulwayo.
Ingabe i-Big Pharma inesimilo ngokwanele ukubeka impilo phezu kwenzuzo?
Nakancane!
Kuze kube leli phutha elibulalayo lokuphepha kwezidakamizwa lithola ukunakwa okujwayelekile, mancane amathuba okuba sibone kwenziwa umzamo, kodwa kuwumthwalo walabo abakwaziyo ukuqhubeka bememeza ngakho kuze kube yilapho izinkampani zezidakamizwa zinikeza ubufakazi obuqinile bokuthi isilungisiwe futhi sekunezinyathelo ezifanele. indawo yokuvimbela izinkinga zesikhathi esizayo.
Thina at I-LifeLine Media bazokhanyisa lokhu okutholakele futhi bakwenze ngendlela wonke umuntu angayiqonda, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuqonda kwakho isayensi kuyini. Sihlose ukwenza lolu lwazi lufinyeleleke kuwo wonke umuntu, ngaphandle kwe-jargon yesayensi, ukuze ngemva kokufunda lokhu uzoqonda ngokucacile izinkinga zokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa nokuphepha kwemithi.
Izimpilo zabantu zisengcupheni...
Kafushane nje, lokhu okutholakele kuthinta iphutha lofuzo kuma-lab rodents, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuzalanisa okuthunjiwe, okusho ukuthi indlela ezisebenzisana ngayo nezidakamizwa akuyona imvelo. Okubaluleke nakakhulu, lokhu kuphakamisa ukungabaza ngakho konke ukuhlolwa kwemithi ezilwaneni ezikhuliswe kumalebhu.
Ingabe usukulungele ukufunda ukuthi i-Big Pharma icabanga ukuthi uyisiphukuphuku kakhulu ukuyiqonda?
Imithi egunyazwe yi-FDA eyabuyiselwa emuva
Landela isayensi
Kukangaki uzwa izikhulu zikahulumeni zithi “landela isayensi” uma kukhulunywa ngezidakamizwa kanye ukugoma ukusebenza kahle?
Ngakho, “masilandele isayensi”!
Nasi isifinyezo esisheshayo sebhayoloji ngemuva kwalokhu esikhuluma ngakho, uma usuwazi kahle lokhu zizwe ukhululekile yeqa lesi sigaba, kodwa ingemuva elibalulekile endabeni ebalulekile yokuphepha kwezokwelapha.
Ake singene ngaphakathi…
Thatha iseli emzimbeni wakho ulibheke ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu esinamandla. Uzobona ingqamuzana eliyinhloko elinebhaluni elincane, elijiyile ngaphakathi, elibizwa ngokuthi i-nucleus yeseli. Ngaphakathi ku-nucleus konke okwakho DNA, iphrofayili yakho yofuzo ephelele neyingqayizivele efaka ikhodi ethi “wena”.
I-DNA iyikhodi yokuphila.
I-DNA isontekile futhi igoqwe ibe amapheya ama-chromosome. Ama-Chromosome ahlukaniswe abe izingxenye ze-DNA ezaziwa ngokuthi izakhi zofuzo, futhi isakhi sofuzo ngasinye sinquma isici esithile. Kunamakhulu kuya ezinkulungwaneni zezakhi zofuzo ngechromosome ngayinye.
Cabanga nje i-nucleus njengomtapo wolwazi (oncane onezincwadi ezingama-46 zabantu); ama-chromosome ayizincwadi ngazinye, futhi izakhi zofuzo ziyizigaba zalezo zincwadi.
Ososayensi bathanda izinto ngokuhleleka, ngakho babala ipheya ngalinye lamakhromozomu. Ukukunikeza izibonelo ezithile, ipheya ye-chromosome eyodwa inofuzo olunquma usayizi wobuchopho bakho. Ama-chromosome ocansi (amabili 23) anezakhi zofuzo ezinquma ubulili bakho.
Abantu banamapheya angama-23 ama-chromosome nangama-46 esewonke.
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zinezinombolo ezihlukene zama-chromosome. Isibonelo, amagundane anamapheya angama-20 ama-chromosome kanye nengqikithi engama-40. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izindlovu zinamapheya angama-28 ama-chromosome anama-56 esewonke.
Khumbula, ama-chromosome ayizingcezu ze-DNA...
I-DNA ethinta izici zento ephilayo ibizwa ngokuthi i-coding DNA ngoba ibhala amaphrotheni adala leyo nto ephilayo (senziwe ngamaprotheni). Izakhi zofuzo zibhala i-DNA. Uma ikhodi ye-DNA ilimala, ingadala umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni ngoba kwakhiwa amaprotheni angalungile.
Khumbula ekilasini lebhayoloji ukuthi amaseli ahlala ehlukana?
Ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho ingqamuzana lihlukana kufanele likopishe yonke i-DNA kunucleus yayo. Phakathi ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli, i-DNA yekhodi kufanele ivikelwe ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo eziyingozi.
Qhubeka nami, lokhu kuzozwakala maduze!
Akuwona wonke amakhodi e-DNA amaphrotheni, kukhona futhi i-DNA engafaki ikhodi engafaki ikhodi yanoma yini; yingakho ibizwa njalo i-DNA engcolile.
I-Junk DNA ayisizi ngalutho!
Iziphetho zama-chromosome zakhiwe yi-junk DNA futhi zibizwa ama-telomeres. I-telomeres ivikela i-DNA yekhodi yama-chromosome emonakalweni phakathi nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli.
Bheka lokhu:
Ukwakheka nokusebenza kwama-telomere kufana nesiphetho sepulasitiki sentambo yezicathulo evimbela ukuba ingaboli.
Ama-telomere nawo afana ne-fuse ebhomu.
Afana ne-fuse ngoba njalo lapho ingqamuzana lihlukana futhi ama-chromosome alo akopishwa lilahlekelwa ingxenye encane ye-DNA yalo. Lona umthelela oseceleni ongenakugwemeka wendlela yokuphindaphinda i-DNA. Ngakho-ke, ubude be-telomere nokuphila isikhathi eside kuhlobene ngokuqondile; njengoba siguga ama-telomere ayawohloka futhi abe mfishane, kodwa ingxenye yekhodi ye-DNA yechromosome ivikelekile.
izinsana babe nama-telomere amade, kodwa asebekhulile banama-telomere amafushane kakhulu. Ama-telomere amade anesibopho sobusha nokulungisa izicubu ngokushesha.
Iyini i-telomere? - Telomeres nokuguga
I-telomeres nomdlavuza
Ubude be-telomere nomdlavuza nakho kuhlobene.
Ingqamuzana ngalinye lingahlukanisa futhi liphindaphinde i-DNA yalo izikhathi ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba ama-telomere aguge ngokuphelele (i-fuse iyashiswa) - kulesi sikhathi, i-DNA yokubhala ikhodi manje iyadalulwa. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi yi- Umkhawulo we-Hayflick. Amaseli amaningi ngokuvamile angahlukana izikhathi ezingaba ngu-40-60 ngaphambi kokuba afinyelele lo mkhawulo.
Uma i-DNA yekhodi isiqala ukonakala, ukuguqulwa okuyingozi kungase kubangele umdlavuza uma iseli liqhubeka nokuhlukana.
Ukuze avimbele lokhu, amangqamuzana “anomshini wokulawula umonakalo” owakhelwe ngaphakathi owavimba ukuba ahlukane lapho i-fuse ye-telomere isingasekho. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ukuzwela. Uma iseli seliqala ukuphaphatheka, liyayeka ukuhlukana futhi empeleni lingenzi lutho, lifana “neseli le-zombie”.
Lokho nje uhhafu wendaba...
Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda ukuthi ikhodi ye-DNA ingalimala ngezinye izindlela eziningi kusuka izakhi zofuzo, njengemisebe ye-ionizing, izinto ezikhipha imisebe, namakhemikhali athile. Uma i-DNA yokubhala ikhodi yeseli yonakaliswa ku-mutagen ingaba umdlavuza. Ngenhlanhla, umkhawulo wayo weHayflick uyivimbela ukuthi iphindaphindeke ngokuqhubekayo, okuyisivikelo kumdlavuza. Uma iseli elinekhodi ye-DNA eyonakele ingahlukanisa izikhathi ezingu-40-60 kuphela, lokho kuyivimbela ekwenzeni isimila esikhulu.
Izicubu ezinomdlavuza zingamaqembu amaseli ane-DNA yekhodi eyonakele aqhubeka nokuhlukana unomphela ngenxa yokuthi indlela yokulawula umonakalo ye-senescence yayeka ukusebenza kahle.
Ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana enzwa yikho okwenza izicubu ziguge. Isibonelo, ukunqwabelana kwamangqamuzana esikhumba se-senescent yikho okuholela esikhumbeni esishwabene nesincane ekugugeni. Uma izicubu ziba namangqamuzana enzwa kakhulu, yilapho izilungisa kancane khona ekulimaleni ngoba amaseli enzwa awakwazi ukuzihlukanisa futhi azimisele wona.
Ngamagama alula, sinokuhwebelana phakathi kokuguga nomdlavuza!
Khumbula, konke kuncike kulokhu:
Ithishu eyakhiwe ngamaseli anama-telomere amade izothatha isikhathi eside ukuguga futhi izokhula kabusha emonakalweni ngenani elithuthukisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yokuthi la maseli angaqhubeka ehlukana, asengozini yomdlavuza ngoba awanayo leyo ndlela yokulawula umonakalo yomkhawulo we-Hayflick.
Ama-telomere ahlobana kanjani nokuthuthukiswa komdlavuza?
INKINGA ngezidakamizwa - Inkinga ENKULU
Kulungile, kungani-ke noma yikuphi kwalokhu kuthinta ukuphepha kwezemithi?
Konke kuza kumagundane...
Yebo, amagundane!
Ososayensi bake bakholelwa ukuthi wonke amagundane njengohlobo oluthile anama-telomere amade. Kwabikwa nguKipling noCooke ngo-1990 ukuthi amagundane “ama-telomere amade kakhulu” “zazizinkulu ngokuphindaphindiwe kunalezo ezazikhona kuma-telomere abantu.”
Ukuthola kwabo bekuyiqiniso kodwa nansi umkhabi:
Eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili edlule, isazi sezinto eziphilayo UBret Weinstein waqagela ukuthi ama-telomere amade kakhulu ayekhona kuphela kumagundane elebhu afuywe ekuthunjweni, kodwa amagundane asendle ayenama-telomere ubude obuvamile.
Wayeqinisile! Lokhu kwaba ukutholwa okukhulu!
Lokhu kuqinisekiswe ephepheni lika-Greider noHemann (2000), lapho beqhathanisa ubude be-telomere bamagundane elebhu namagundane asendle. Baphetha ngokuthi “ubude beTelomere babufushane kakhulu izinhlobo ezitholakala endle"!
Amagundane elebhu anama-telomere amade kakhulu.
Amagundane asendle anama-telomere ubude ajwayelekile.
U-Weinstein noCiszek okukhulunywe ngabo i-reserve-capacity hypothesis (Iphepha lango-2002) ukuthi lawa ma-telomere amade cishe “ayewumphumela ongahlosiwe wokuzalanisa okuthunjiweyo”. Babekholelwa ukuthi izimo zokuzalanisa amakholoni, njengokuzalanisa amagundane esemncane kakhulu ukuze kwandiswe ukukhiqizwa kokuzala (amagundane azalelayo ahlala phansi enezinyanga ezingu-8 ubudala) aye abangela ukuguqulwa okungezona kwemvelo ngobude be-telomere.
Khumbula kusukela ekuqaleni ukuthi ama-telomere amade alingana nokulungisa izicubu ngokushesha?
Impela, yilokho kanye okwatholwa kumagundane elebhu njengoba kufakazelwa Alexander, P. (1966). Baphawula, “Iqiniso elimangalisa kakhulu ukuthi ngisho namagundane [elebhu] amadala kakhulu (isb. iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-2.5) lapho ebulewe esaphilile anezifo ezimbalwa ngokuphawulekayo futhi cishe awahlukaniseki ezilwaneni ezincane” (ngo-1966 kwakukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwakungamagciwane abulalayo.” icala lawo wonke amagundane).
Lawa magundane alebhu afuywe ekuthunjweni ahlala esemasha ngendlela engavamile, enekhono elithuthukisiwe lokulungisa izicubu ezonakele, futhi ekwazi ukumelana nokulimala ngendlela engavamile.
Kwakungamagundane amakhulu! Kodwa kukhona into encane ebanjwayo...
Ububi baleli khono elithuthukisiwe lokuvuselela amaseli kwakusho ukuthi lawa magundane asengozini yomdlavuza ngenxa yokuthi amaseli awo cishe awakaze afinyelele ukululama! Babengenayo leyo ndlela yokulawula umonakalo evimbela umdlavuza!
Wonke lawa magundane aselebhu, uma evunyelwa ukuba aphile impilo yawo yonke, ngeke abulawe ukuguga, kodwa esikhundleni salokho, angabulawa umdlavuza.
Nazi izindaba ezimbi:
Lawa magundane aguqulwe ngofuzo asetshenziswa ekuhlolweni kwezokwelapha nasocwaningweni!
Uma umuthi odale umonakalo weseli uhlolwe kumagundane zelebhu, lowo monakalo ungase ungabonakali ngoba amagundane akwazi ukulungisa izicubu ngenani elisheshayo elingeyona ngokwemvelo. Ngokuphambene, ngenxa yama-telomere amagundane amade kakhulu, ukungenwa kwawo umdlavuza kungaba phezulu ngendlela engavamile.
Sinesimo sokubukelwa phansi kokulimala kwezicubu kanye nokucabangela ngokweqile komdlavuza.
Lokhu kwafingqwa ngokuphelele esiphethweni sephepha lika-Weinstein noCiszek (2002) lapho bagqamisa khona lokhu okulandelayo:
“Ngakho-ke kufanele sicabange kabusha ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezithathwa njengeziphephile ikakhulukazi ngoba zibonakale zingenabungozi 'kumagundane'. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlolwa kokuphepha ngamagundane elebhu kungase kuthambekele ekulinganiseni ngokweqile ubungozi bomdlavuza, okuholela ekuxwayiseni okungadingekile mayelana nezinto ezingaba yigugu.
Ngeshwa, akekho owalalela, futhi iphepha langcwatshwa umphakathi wesayensi. Izidakamizwa zingadlula ovivinyweni lokuhlola amagundane anemibala endizayo kuyilapho empeleni zingakwazi ukudala umonakalo omkhulu wezicubu.
Le mithi kungenzeka ihlezi kukhabethe lakho lemithi!
Ake sijule kancane...
Ukutholakala kwalokhu kungavamile kofuzo kumagundane elebhu, njengoba kushicilelwe u-Greider and Hemann (2000) kwatholakala kumagundane elebhu ahlinzekwa ilabhorethri yase-Jackson (JAX) e-United States. Ilebhu ye-JAX ingomunye wabahlinzeki abakhulu emhlabeni bamagundane elebhu kubacwaningi emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi I-united states.
Kodwa nakhu okuthile okujabulisa ngempela ukucabanga ngakho...
Lokhu kutholwa kungamaniswa ngokuqondile namagundane elebhu ye-JAX ngoba yiwo ahloliwe u-Greider no-Hemann. Uma amagundane elebhu kaJackson kuwukuphela kwamagundane zelebhu awakhe lawa ma-telomere amade kakhulu, lokho kungaba incazelo yezinga eliphezulu ngokungavamile lokukhumbula izidakamizwa e-United States, njengoba iningi labacwaningi base-US lihlinzekwa ilabhorethri yase-Jackson.
Okubaluleke kakhulu:
Lokhu kuphakamisa udaba olubanzi lwezinqubo zokuzalanisa ezisetshenziselwa wonke umuntu izilwane ezinikezwa abacwaningi. Ukuzalanisa isizukulwane emva kwesizukulwane sohlobo endaweni yelebhu, lapho ukucindezela kokukhetha kwemvelo ingekho khona kungase kubangele izinguquko ezingalindelekile nezingezona ezemvelo.
Ekugcineni, izidakamizwa eziningi zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa abantu. Abantu baye bavela ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka endaweni yemvelo, hhayi ilabhorethri.
Ukuhlola imithi ezilwaneni esezenze izinguquko ezingezona ezemvelo kusukela ekuzaleni elabhorethri evalelwe ngokungangabazeki kuyimodeli embi neyingozi yokuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa nomgomo.
Abantu abanawo ama-telomere amade kakhulu futhi asinawo amandla angapheli okulungisa izicubu, nokho eminye yemithi esiyithatha singaqondile iye yahlolwa ezilwaneni ezinazo!
Isayensi ebolile leyo!
Kungani amagundane ebalulekile? - Izinzuzo zokuhlola izilwane kumagundane amancane
Kungenzeka ukuthi uyabuza...
Kungani amagundane anendaba lapho ukuhlolwa kwezidakamizwa zezilwane kwenziwa nasezinceleni ezinkulu?
Lokhu kuwukungaqondi okuvamile. Ngokuvamile, zonke izidakamizwa zihlolwa kumagundane (nakwamanye amagundane amancane), futhi nakuba kunezinkinga ngokusebenzisa amagundane ocwaningweni, futhi zinikeza inzuzo eyingqayizivele ekuhlolweni kokuphepha kwezidakamizwa.
Nasi isizathu:
Izilwane ezincane zithanda amagundane asheshise imijikelezo yokuphila izikhathi eziningi ngokushesha kunezilwane ezinkulu nabantu. Ukukubeka ngombono, u-Dutta and Sengupta (2015) "wathola ukuthi unyaka owodwa womuntu ulingana nezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye zamagundane".
Amagundane awusizo kakhulu ekutholeni imiphumela yesikhathi eside yemithi ebingathatha iminyaka ukuthi ibonakale ezilwaneni ezinkulu.
Yingakho ukuhlolwa kwezilwane kudingekile!
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwemithi, ososayensi bavame ukunikeza amagundane amancane imithamo ephezulu yezidakamizwa ngesikhathi esifushane. Okulindelekile ukuthi noma yimiphi imiphumela engemihle ingase ibe yilokho okuyotholwa isilwane esikhulu noma umuntu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngemithamo ephansi.
Lokhu kuhunyushwa kobufakazi bocwaningo obusuka ezilwaneni kuya kubantu abunangqondo, kodwa ngokombono, amagundane amancane avumela ososayensi ukuba bahlole ikusasa ukuze babone imiphumela yesikhathi eside yemithi.
Cabanga ngakho...
Thatha umuthi odala ukulimala kwesitho kancane futhi kuthatha iminyaka ukukhombisa. Lokhu kuzophumelela ekuvivinyweni ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezinkulu kodwa kungahluleka kumagundane ngenxa yomjikelezo wawo wokuphila osheshayo.
Lokhu kungenye yezinzuzo eziyinhloko zokuhlolwa kwezilwane kumagundane amancane, ngoba kungase kube ukuphela kwendlela yokusiphula umonakalo ongaba khona wesikhathi eside obangelwa imithi.
Izidakamizwa ezidala ukulimala kumagundane ngokushesha zingase zibonise ukulimala okungaba khona isikhathi eside kubantu okungathatha iminyaka eminingi ukukhombisa.
Uyayizwa le ndida iqhafaza ndawonye manje?
Lapho amagundane elebhu enama-telomere amade ngokungeyona ngokwemvelo futhi ekwazi ukulungisa ukulimala kweseli ngesivinini esisheshayo, yonke imodeli yokubona imiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside iyahlukana!
Izidakamizwa kungenzeka ukuthi zidlula ovivinyweni lwamagundane ngoba nje amagundane angakwazi ukulungisa umonakalo ongaba khona wamaseli ngokushesha ukuze ososayensi baqaphele.
Kuze kube yilapho lowo muthi usugunyazwe ukusetshenziswa abantu futhi abantu sebewuphuze iminyaka eminingi lapho imiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside iqala ukuvela. Lokhu kungachaza ukuthi kungani iningi lezidakamizwa likhunjulwa eminyakeni eminingi kamuva ngemva kokugunyazwa.
Ngaleso sikhathi, sekwephuze kakhulu! Kulahlekile izimpilo, umuthi uyakhunjulwa, futhi i-FDA ithi "eshu"!
Bese umjikelezo uphinda!
Izinto ezimbi ezigunyazwe yi-FDA - Izibonelo ezijabulisayo
Kunemithi eminingi egunyazwe yi-FDA eyake yathathwa njengephephile futhi iyasebenza manje eyaziwa njengeyingozi.
Uhlu lokuhluleka kwe-FDA lude kodwa nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa ezimangaza kakhulu okungenzeka ukuthi zibangelwa ukuphambana kofuzo ekuhloleni izilwane.
Nazi ezinye zezinhlekelele zemithi ezimbi kakhulu emlandweni…
Ukuhoxiswa kwe-Cerivastatin
Umuthi owadla abantu bephila:
Omunye wemithi egunyazwe yi-FDA eyingozi kakhulu kwaba i-cerivastatin, eyaziwa nangokuthi igama layo elithi Lipobay, okwakuyi-statin yokwenziwa.
Ama-statin anqunywa kabanzi emhlabeni wonke njengesigaba esivame kakhulu sezidakamizwa ezisetshenziselwa ukwehlisa i-cholesterol kubantu abasengozini yesifo senhliziyo. E-US, odokotela banquma njalo Ama-statins ayizigidi ezingama-200 ngonyaka.
ILipobay imakethwa yinkampani eyenza imithi iBayer ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990. Yahoxiswa emakethe yomhlaba wonke ngo-2001 ngenxa yokufa kwabantu abaningi okubikiwe. Kutholakale ukuthi iningi labashonile bebebulawa yizidumbu ukulele okubangelwa umuthi. I-Rhabdomyolysis yisimo esisongela ukuphila esibangelwa ukuwohloka kwezicubu zemisipha ngokushesha.
ILipobay yayibangela ukuthi izicubu zeziguli zihlakazeke!
Lapho izicubu zemisipha ziphulwa, zikhulula iphrotheni ebizwa ngokuthi i-myoglobin egazini okufanele izinso ziyisuse. Ngobuningi, izinso azikwazi ukuhlunga i-myoglobin ngokushesha ngokwanele, okungabangela ukulimala kwezinso, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukwehluleka kwezinso futhi ekugcineni ukufa.
Ukufa okuningi phakathi kweziguli zaseLipobay kubangelwa i-rhabdomyolysis kanye nomphumela wokungasebenzi kahle kwezinso. Kwatholakala ukuthi i-rhabdomyolysis ebangelwa ama-statins I-16 izikhathi ezingu-80 I-Lipobay iphakeme kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa namanye ama-statins.
Kwenzeka kanjani lokhu?
Singaqagela kuphela, kodwa kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi lokhu kuphuka kwemisipha okusheshayo akuzange kubonwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwezilwane nabantu. Umphumela obulalayo awuzange ubonwe kwaze kwaba yiminyaka kamuva ngemva kokugunyazwa kweLipobay.
Ukuhlolwa komtholampilo kubantu kungenzeka kuhambe kahle njengoba isikhathi besifushane kakhulu ukuqaphela lo mphumela. Kodwa-ke, mhlawumbe i-rhabdomyolysis yayizobonakala ekuhlolweni kwamagundane ngenxa yomjikelezo wabo wokuphila osheshayo.
Ngeshwa, amagundane elebhu anama-telomere amade ngokungeyona eyemvelo angavuselela izicubu zemisipha kanye nokulimala kwezinso ngokushesha kangangokuthi lo mphumela oseceleni ungase ungabonakali.
Ingabe le nhlekelele ibingagwenywa uma ukuhlolwa kwezilwane bekwenziwa kumagundane “avamile” hhayi eziguquguqukayo ezifuywe elabhorethri?
Lesi isibonelo esisodwa kuphela, kunemithi eminingi, eminingi egunyazwe yi-FDA ehlulekile.
Vioxx ingxabano
Kunohlu olude lwezidakamizwa ezibuyisiwe obekufanele ngabe azikaze zingene emakethe.
Esinye sezidakamizwa ezikhunjulwa kakhulu kwakuyi-rofecoxib, eyaziwa ngokuthi Vioxx, umuthi ovimbela ukuvuvukala (i-NSAID) osetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo samathambo kanye nobuhlungu obukhulu. I-Vioxx yakhunjulwa ngenxa yemibiko yokulimala kwenhliziyo okuholele engcupheni eyengeziwe yokuhlaselwa yinhliziyo nokushaywa unhlangothi.
Kungenzeka ukuthi i-Vioxx idale ukulimala kweseli ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba kodwa yabonakala njengokulimala kwenhliziyo ngoba amangqamuzana enhliziyo anekhono elibi kakhulu lokuzivuselela.
Ukulimala kweseli okudalwe yi-Vioxx bekufanele kutholwe ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamagundane, kodwa ngesizathu esithile, akuzange kubonakale.
Bextra khumbula
Umuthi ofanayo ne-Vioxx ohlwini lokukhumbula lwe-FDA ungu i-valdecoxib, evame ukubizwa ngegama lomkhiqizo elithi Bextra. NjengoVioxx, u-Bextra wayengenye i-NSAID esetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo samathambo.
I-Bextra yavunywa ngoNovemba 2001 yi-FDA. Yakhunjulwa ngo-Ephreli 2005, cishe eminyakeni emine kamuva. I-FDA iveze izizathu zokukhumbula ukuthi "ingozi engaba khona yezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi (CV)" kanye "nokwanda kwengozi yokusabela kabi kwesikhumba", okuhlanganisa I-Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Ukukhumbula i-Bextra kwaholela enhlawulo yobugebengu enkulu kunayo yonke eyake yaba khona!
Inkampani yezidakamizwa U-PFizer bekumele akhokhe ukhiphe inhlawulo yobugebengu ephula irekhodi lamaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1.3 ngokuqamba kabi izidakamizwa “ngenhloso yokuqola noma ukudukisa”. I-Pfizer kudingeke ukuthi ikhokhe u-$1 billion ngomonakalo womphakathi.
Vumela leli qiniso lingene phakathi...
Inhlawulo yobugebengu enkulu kunawo wonke ake akhokhwa emlandweni ngenkampani yezidakamizwa!
Rezulin khumbula
Futhi ohlwini lokuhluleka okukhulu kwe-FDA…
I-Troglitazone, igama lomkhiqizo Rezulin, yayisetshenziselwa ukwelapha isifo sikashukela futhi kwakungesinye isimo somuthi owabangela ukulimala kwesitho. Ngokuqondile, i-Rezulin ibangele ukulimala kwesibindi.
Ekuqaleni, ngemva kwemibiko eminingi yokwehluleka kwesibindi kungazelelwe ezigulini ezithatha umuthi, i-FDA yakhipha izexwayiso ezidinga ukuqashwa kwanyanga zonke kwamazinga e-enzyme yesibindi ezigulini.
Lokhu kuyashaqisa:
Kwaze kwaba yilapho isiguli esineminyaka engu-55 ubudala sibulawa ukungasebenzi kwesibindi esinamandla ngemva kokuthatha i-Rezulin njengengxenye yocwaningo olwaluqashwe yiNational Institutes of Health (NIH) lapho kwabuzwa khona ukuthi ukuqapha amazinga e-enzyme kwakwanele yini.
I-NIH yawulahla umuthi ocwaningweni, kwathi kungekudala ngemuva kwalokho udokotela wezifo eziwumshayabhuqe we-FDA owahlola i-Rezulin walinganisela ukuthi ingaxhunyaniswa nokwehluleka kwesibindi okungaphezu kwama-430. Bathole ukuthi iziguli zine- izikhathi 1,200 ingozi enkulu yokwehluleka kwesibindi lapho uthatha umuthi.
NgoMashi 21, 2000, i-FDA ekugcineni yakhumbula i-Rezulin ngemuva kokuba isemakethe iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu.
Ngabe ukuhoxiswa kwe-Rezulin bekungavinjelwa uma ukulimala kwesibindi kutholwa ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwamagundane?
Le mithi iyisampula encane nje yohlu olude lwemithi egunyazwe yi-FDA eyabuye yakhunjulwa, kodwa ibonisa ukuthi izidakamizwa zigunyazwa kanjani bese zikhunjulwa eminyakeni eminingi kamuva (kanye nezimpilo eziningi kamuva) lapho imiphumela emibi yesikhathi eside iqala ukubuyisela ububi bayo. ikhanda.
Ngamafuphi:
Noma isiphi isigameko esibuhlungu somuthi esikhunjulwayo ngenxa yohlobo oluthile lokulimala kwesitho/izicubu besingavinjelwa ukuba ukuhlolwa kwamagundane bekwenziwe ezinhlotsheni zofuzo ezijwayelekile. Ngokombono wokuhlola izidakamizwa, amagundane namagundane amancane ayimpahla eyigugu kodwa kuphela uma emele imvelo.
Ukwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu…
Kuthiwani ngenani lemithi engase izuzise okungenzeka ilahliwe ngoba ibibhekwa njengeyanda ingozi yomdlavuza kumagundane asevele ehlaselwe umdlavuza!?
Ngicabanga ukuthi asisoze sayazi impendulo yalowo mbuzo.
Ingabe izidakamizwa ziphephile? - Yini esingayenza manje?
Umlayezo ucacile:
Yonke inqubo yokuhlola ukusebenza kwezidakamizwa nokuphepha inamaphutha amakhulu. Isayensi yemboni yezemithi ibolile!
Ngisho nangaphandle kokwazi isayensi, ukubheka nje ukuthi zingaki izidakamizwa ezigunyazwe yi-FDA ezikhunjulwe kuwubufakazi obusobala bokuthi kukhona okungalungile.
Ngokudabukisayo, kukhona ngempela uhlu olubanzi lwemithi egunyazwe yi-FDA ebulala futhi ecekele phansi imindeni.
Ngokungangabazeki, isayensi iye yaba usizo olukhulu ohlangeni lwesintu, kodwa ayiphelele, noma mhlawumbe ngokunembe kakhudlwana, ososayensi abaphelele. Ukubuza isayensi akukwenzi “umelene nesayensi”, kukwenza uchwepheshe wesayensi ngoba yilokho isayensi emayelana nakho.
Ososayensi bayalubuza ucwaningo lwangaphambilini, benza i-hypothesis bese beyihlola. Ngoba social media izinkampani kanye nohulumeni ukubiza abantu "anti-science" lapho bebuza a ukugoma Incazelo esebenzayo iyahlanya. Lokho “kuphambene nesayensi”!
Mhlawumbe abacwaningi bekufanele balindele ukuthi izinhlelo ezinkulu zokuzalanisa amagundane zingaholela ekuhlukeni kofuzo okungeke kwenzeke ngokwemvelo, kodwa okubalulekile manje ukuvuma iphutha nokulilungisa.
Nokho embonini eqhutshwa inzuzo, ingabe i-Big Pharma ithembekile ngokwanele ukuba ivume amaphutha?
Ngeshwa, impendulo ithi cha, futhi kuyacaca ekuhlulekeni kwangaphambilini kwe-FDA ukuthi izinkampani zezidakamizwa zizokwenza noma yini emandleni azo ukuvimbela ukukhumbula okukhulu. Bangamane bathi “ngiyaxolisa” futhi bakhokhe inani elincane lomonakalo kwabahlukumezekile kunokuba bavume futhi baqedele udaba olubalulekile.
Kungase kube khona amakhulu, ngisho nezinkulungwane zemithi eyingozi eye yaphuma inethi ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwamagundane okunephutha. Umzamo wokuhlola kabusha kanye nokukhumbula okungaba khona kwalolo bukhulu kungabhidliza yonke inkampani yezidakamizwa emhlabeni - kodwa impilo yeziguli ibaluleke kakhulu!
Kodwa ungenzani?
Ulwazi lungamandla, futhi ukufundisa umphakathi nezintatheli mayelana nesayensi ngemuva kwalolu daba kuyisinyathelo sokuqala. Njengoba abantu abanele benolwazi, abenzi bomthetho bangagcina belalele, futhi ukungenelela kukahulumeni kungase kusebenze.
Kuphelile ngawe, awunamandla, i-inthanethi inika wonke umuntu izwi elingafinyelela izigidi. Nikeza lesi sihloko ukwabelana, tshela wonke umuntu omaziyo, futhi ungami kuze kube yilapho izinto zishintsha.
"Iba yinguquko ofisa ukuyibona emhlabeni!"
Sidinga usizo LAKHO! Sikulethela izindaba ezingahloliwe ze MAHHALA, kodwa lokhu singakwenza kuphela ngenxa yokusekelwa ngabafundi abathembekile njengalokhu WENA! Uma ukholelwa enkulumweni yamahhala futhi ujabulele izindaba zangempela, sicela ucabangele ukusekela umgomo wethu ngokuthi ekubeni umlandeli noma ngokwenza a umnikelo owodwa lapha. I-20% ye KONKE izimali zinikelwa omakadebona!
By Richard Ahern - I-LifeLine Media
Contact: Richard@lifeline.news
Kushicilelwe:
Kugcine ukubuyekezwa:
Okubhekwayo (isiqinisekiso sokuhlola iqiniso):
- Izibalo Zokukhumbula Izidakamizwa ze-FDA: https://www.maylightfootlaw.com/blogs/fda-drug-recall-statistics/ [Izibalo ezisemthethweni]
- I-Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA): https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Deoxyribonucleic-Acid [Iwebhusayithi kahulumeni]
- I-Mitosis / ukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli: https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/mitosis-cell-division-47/ [Ijenali yezemfundo/iwebhusayithi]
- Icala le-Junk DNA: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4014423/ [Ijenali yezemfundo/iwebhusayithi]
- I-telomeres, indlela yokuphila, umdlavuza, nokuguga: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3370421/ [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- Umkhawulo we-Hayflick: https://embryo.asu.edu/pages/hayflick-limit#:~:text=The%20Hayflick%20Limit%20is%20a,programmed%20cell%20death%20or%20apoptosis. [Ijenali yezemfundo/iwebhusayithi]
- I-Senescence nokuguga: Izimbangela, imiphumela, nezindlela zokwelapha: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5748990/ [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- Ama-Mutagen Ezemvelo, Ukusayina Kweseli kanye Nokulungiswa Kwe-DNA: https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/environmental-mutagens-cell-signalling-and-dna-repair-1090/ [Ijenali yezemfundo/iwebhusayithi]
- Ama-telomere amade kakhulu ama-hypervariable kumagundane: https://www.nature.com/articles/347400a0 [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- UBret Weinstein ku-“The Portal” (w/ host u-Eric Weinstein), Ep. #019 - Ukubikezela kanye ne-DISC: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLb5hZLw44s [Kusuka kumthombo]
- Izinhlobo zamagundane atholakala endle anama-telomere amafushane: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11071935/ [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- I-reserve-capacity hypothesis: umsuka wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nemithelela yesimanje yohwebo phakathi kokucindezelwa kwesimila kanye nokulungisa izicubu: https://www.gwern.net/docs/longevity/2002-weinstein.pdf [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- Alexander, P., 1966. Ingabe bukhona ubuhlobo phakathi kokuguga, ukufinyezwa kobude besikhathi sokuphila ngemisebe kanye nokuqaliswa kokuguqulwa kwe-somatic?: Imibono ku-Experimental Gerontology. amakhasi 266-279. [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- Amadoda namagundane: Ahlobene neminyaka yawo: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26596563/ [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- I-Cerivastatin: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Cerivastatin [Ijenali yezemfundo/iwebhusayithi]
- Amathrendi Kazwelonke Ekusetshenzisweni Nezindleko Ze-Statin E-US Abantu Abadala Kusukela Ngo-2002 Kuya Ku-2013: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2583425 [Izibalo ezisemthethweni]
- I-Rhabdomyolysis: I-Pathogenesis, Ukuxilongwa, Nokwelashwa: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4365849/ [Iphepha locwaningo elibuyekezwe ontanga]
- Izibonelo zemitholampilo ye-pharmacological echazayo ye-cerivastatin-associated rhabdomyolysis: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1563-258X.2003.03029.x [Ijenali yezemfundo/iwebhusayithi]
- I-Vioxx (rofecoxib) Imibuzo Nezimpendulo: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/vioxx-rofecoxib-questions-and-answers#:~:text=Vioxx%20is%20a%20COX%2D2,3. [Iwebhusayithi kahulumeni]
- I-Valdecoxib: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdecoxib [Isizindalwazi esiphezulu newebhusayithi ethembekile] {Ukufunda okwengeziwe}
- I-Stevens-Johnson syndrome/i-epidermal necrolysis enobuthi: https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7700/stevens-johnson-syndrometoxic-epidermal-necrolysis [Iwebhusayithi kahulumeni]
- I-US v. Pfizer, Inc. – Isivumelwano Sokukhokhelana: https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/press-release/file/1066111/download [Idokhumenti yasenkantolo esemthethweni]
- I-Rezulin: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/1999/20720s12lbl.pdf [Iwebhusayithi kahulumeni]
- I-Troglitazone: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troglitazone [Isizindalwazi esiphezulu newebhusayithi ethembekile] {Ukufunda okwengeziwe}
Joyina ingxoxo!
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