Ukwembula izikhali ezingaqeda umhlaba kanye namazwe anazo
Inombolo 1 ingaguqula yonke iplanethi yethu ibe indawo engenalutho enobuthi isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu sekhulu
| Ngu Richard Ahern - Usongo lwempi yenuzi ngo-2023 luyesabeka, kodwa abambalwa kithi abaqonda izinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhali zenuzi kanye nomehluko omkhulu emandleni azo okubhubhisa.
Ngokudabukisayo, kusukela ekukhuphukeni kwe- I-Ukraine-Russia impi, usongo lweMpi Yezwe III lungokoqobo kakhulu. U-Putin wenze izinkomba eziningi mayelana nokwanda kwenuzi, i-Ukraine icela usizo olwengeziwe emazweni e-NATO, futhi kunobufakazi bokuthi amazwe aseNtshonalanga ukulungiselela okubi kakhulu.
Nakuba ezinye izikhali zingacekela phansi idolobha, ezinye zingahwamulisa umhlabathi, futhi eyodwa, ikakhulukazi, ingenza umhlaba wonke ungahlali iminyaka engu-50.
Ibhomu lenuzi elikhulu kunawo wonke akulona elibulala kakhulu - ukuwa kwesikhali senuzi kuyisici esibucayi, ukuqhuma ngokwako kungase kungabi namandla kakhulu, kodwa imisebe esele kamuva ingathinta abantu amashumi eminyaka futhi ibe nemiphumela yomhlaba wonke.
Ngenkathi sikala lezi zikhali, sizophinde sicabangele izinhlelo zokulethwa - isikhali esikwazi ukucekela phansi izwe asisebenzi kangako uma singakwazi ukusetshenziswa ngempumelelo futhi singene ezivikelweni zenuzi.
Sizokhuluma kuphela ngezikhali esazi ukuthi ososayensi bangazenza ngobuchwepheshe banamuhla ngo-2023 - ngeke sikhulume ngezikhali ezicatshangelwayo ezingase zibe khona eminyakeni eyikhulu kusukela manje.
Lesi sihloko sihlose ukuphakamisa iveli ezinhlotsheni zezikhali zenuzi ezingaba khona emhlabeni wanamuhla futhi sikunikeze isithombe esicacile nokuqhathanisa uhlobo lomonakalo ezingawudala. Abezindaba bavame ukuphonsa imishwana efana nokuthi "usongo lwenuzi" - igama elibanzi elihlulekayo ukuchaza inqwaba yamadivayisi angenzeka.
Ngakho-ke kulolu hlu, sizokwethula izikhali ezi-5 ezinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni ngo-2023 ngokusekelwe ekuvuthweni kokuqhuma, ukuwa kwe-radiological, indlela yokulethwa, kanye nekhono lokungena ezinhlelweni zokuzivikela.
Asebenza kanjani amabhomu enuzi — ukufunda ingemuva
5 Ibhomu le-Neutron - i-warhead yemisebe ethuthukisiwe
Ibhomu lenutroni wuhlobo oluthile lwesikhali senuzi esiklanyelwe ukulimaza abantu ngaphezu kwezakhiwo noma izinto zokusebenza. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-warhead yemisebe ethuthukisiwe, ibhomu le-neutron liyingozi eyingqayizivele ngenxa yekhono lalo lokucekela phansi impilo ngokunembile kodwa lishiye izakhiwo ezizungezile ziphelele, ngokuvamile linikeza inkohliso engamanga yokuthi kwamukeleke kakhulu ukulisebenzisa ngoba "libonakala" lingacekeli phansi.
Ibhomu le-neutron linezinzuzo ezicacile empini njengesikhali senuzi esihlakaniphile, elisebenzisela ukuqeda ibutho ngaphandle kokucekela phansi impahla yezempi ezungezile.
I-detonation ikhipha imisebe enamandla engahamba ngezikhali noma ishone phansi. Umsunguli webhomu le- neutron, uSam Cohen, waveza inkolelo yokuthi uma ususa imbobo ye-uranium yebhomu le-hydrogen, ama- neutron akhululwa angabulala izitha kude kakhulu, ngisho noma zicashe ezakhiweni.
Izikhali zenuzi zithembele ekuphenduleni kokuqala okudala amandla aphezulu neutron ukucupha izigaba ezengeziwe. Lawa ma-neutron ngokuvamile aqukethwe ngaphakathi kwe-uranium casing futhi aboniswa ngaphakathi ukuze aqhubekisele phambili ukusabela kweketango lokuqhuma.
Ngokuphambene, kubhomu le-neutron, i-uranium casing iyasuswa, isakaza ama-neutron ngaphandle, yehlisa ukuqhuma kwebhomu kodwa kukhulisa kakhulu inani lemisebe ebulalayo.
Abanye ochwepheshe bacabanga ukuthi ingasetshenziswa njengendlela yokuxoxisana ngokumelene nezinsongo ezifana nemicibisholo yaseSoviet, ukwehlisa ingozi yokuqhumisa imicibisholo ngephutha ngesikhathi sokuhlasela.
Izinzuzo zamabhomu e-neutron zilele ekusetshenzisweni kwawo njengezikhali zenuzi ezihlakaniphile, njengoba evumela ukuqondiswa okunembe kakhudlwana kwamabutho ezempi ngaphandle kokukhathazeka kokudala umonakalo omkhulu wabantu kusukela ekuqhumeni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu futhi kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngokwengqondo, njengoba ukwamukelwa kwabo okucatshangwayo kungasho ukuthi basetshenziswa ngokungacabangi kusengaphambili.
Nakhu okuyingozi kakhulu:
Ibhomu le-neutron lingaba isikhali senuzi okuyimbangela yokusetshenziswa kwezikhali ezinkulu kakhulu, okuvumela ohulumeni ukuthi "bacwilise izinzwane zabo" empini yenuzi - kodwa ngaphambi kokuba bazi, babhubhisa amazwe wonke.
4 I-hypersonic nuclear warhead
Isikhali esilandelayo asilinganiswa ngeradiyasi yaso yokuqhuma noma ukuphuma kwe-radiological - kodwa ngendlela yaso yokulethwa.
Ngoba kusizani isikhali uma singakwazi ukufinyelela esihlosweni saso?
Izikhali ze-hypersonic ziqinisa amathambo ikakhulukazi ngenxa yekhono lazo lokuthwala izikhali zenuzi ngesivinini esiphindwe kahlanu kwejubane lomsindo futhi zihamba ngokushesha uma ziyalwa.
Umcibisholo ocitshwayo ovamile we-intercontinental ballistic (ICBM) ulandela indlela ekhotheme, eyehlela emkhathini futhi yehle ekuqondisweni kwayo iholwa amandla adonsela phansi. Ama-ICBM ahlelwe kusengaphambili ukuthi afinyelele izinhloso ezithile - uma ese-orbit, awakwazi ukushintsha indlela yawo.
Ngenxa yalokhu kubikezelwa kokuwa kwamahhala, izinhlelo zokuvikela zingathola kalula futhi zibambe ama-ICBM.
Ngokuphambene, imicibisholo ye-hypersonic ifakwe izinjini ze-jet futhi ilawulwa ukude kuyo yonke indiza yayo. Ukwengeza, bahamba ezindaweni eziphansi, okwenza ukusheshe kutholakale kube inselele kakhulu. Abanye bangahamba ngokushesha kangangokuthi umfutho womoya ophambi kwabo wakha ifu le-plasma elimunca amaza omsakazo asebenza “njengomshini wokuvala” owenza angabonakali kuyi-radar. Ngenxa yalokho, amazwe amaningi ajaha ukuthuthuka izinhlelo ezintsha zokuvikela ekwazi ukubona imicibisholo ye-hypersonic engenayo.
Imicibisholo ye-hypersonic ingahamba ngokushesha kangakanani?
Ukuyibeka ngombono, ijubane lomsindo, elaziwa nge-Mach 1, lilinganiselwa ku-760mph. Izindiza zesimanje zabagibeli ngokuvamile zihamba kancane kunaleli jubane (subsonic), ngokuvamile elifika ku-Mach 0.8. Abaningi bazokhumbula indiza ye-Concorde supersonic ebikwazi ukundiza ngesivinini esiphindwe kabili somsindo noma i-Mach 2.
Isivinini esisheshayo kune-Mach 5 sicatshangelwa okokuzenzisa, okungenani i-3,836mph, kodwa imicibisholo eminingi ye-hypersonic ingahamba ngokuphindwe kabili kulokho cishe ku-Mach 10!
Ngokubuka:
Indiza yabagibeli esheshayo endizayo isuka Russia ukuya e-United States bekuzothatha cishe amahora ayi-9 - umcibisholo we-hypersonic ojikeleza uMach 10 uzofika e-US ngemizuzu engama-45 nje!
Ulungele izindaba ezimbi?
I-Russia iziqhenye ngezikhali zayo ze-hypersonic ezikwazi ukuthwala izikhali zenuzi ezihlukahlukene. Umcabango nje wanoma yisiphi isikhali esivela kulolu hlu esifakwe ku-missile ye-hypersonic uyesabisa.
3 I-Tsar Bomba - ibhomu le-hydrogen
Ukuze uthole amandla okuqhuma, isikhali senuzi esinamandla kunazo zonke esake sadalwa futhi sahlolwa kwakuyibhomu le-hydrogen elakhiwa yiSoviet Union elibizwa ngokuthi i-Tsar Bomba.
Tsar Bomba, i-nuke enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, enesisindo esicishe sibe amakhilogremu angu-60,000 XNUMX, yayinjalo ihlolwe endaweni eqhelile ebizwa ngokuthi iMityushikha Bay eSeverny Island e-Arctic Circle. Ngomhla zingama-30 kuMfumfu 1961, indiza ebizwa ngokuthi i-Tupolev Tu-95 yathwala lo mshini futhi yawulahla ukusuka kumamitha angu-34,000.
Kwaxhunywa iparashute ukuze kuncishiswe ibhomu ukuze indiza ibaleke, kodwa abasebenzi basenethuba elingu-50% kuphela lokusinda.
I-Tsar Bomba yayiyibhomu le-hydrogen noma isikhali senuzi sesizukulwane sesibili esinamandla amakhulu okubhubhisa sisebenzisa inqubo yokuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi.
Ukusabela okujwayelekile kwe-fission kuqala ukusabela kwe-fusion yesibili okunamandla okukhulula inani elikhulu lamandla. Amabhomu e-Fusion asebenzisa i-hydrogen isotopes eyaziwa ngokuthi i-deuterium ne-tritium njengamafutha, yingakho igama elithi ibhomu le-hydrogen. Nokho, izikhali zanamuhla zisebenzisa i-lithium deuteride ekwakhiweni kwazo, kodwa isimiso siyefana.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nuclear kwenzeka lapho ama-nuclei e-athomu amancane ehlangana ukuze akhe i-nucleus enkulu, ekhulula amandla abalulekile. Ngokuphambene, i-nuclear fission, esetshenziswa kuphela ezikhalini zenuzi zesizukulwane sokuqala, ihilela ukuhlukaniswa kwe-nucleus enkulu ye-athomu ibe izingcezu ezincane. Nakuba i-fission iphinde ikhiphe amandla, ayikhiqizi kakhulu njenge-fusion.
I-Fusion ingumthombo omkhulu wamandla:
I-Nuclear fusion inika amandla i-fireball enkulu esekela yonke impilo eMhlabeni - ilanga lethu. Uma singasebenzisa inqubo yokuhlanganisa ukuze siqhubeke sikhiqiza amandla ezitshalweni zikagesi esikhundleni sezitshalo zethu zamanje ezihlukanisayo, lokhu bekungaxazulula zonke izinkinga zomhlaba zamandla!
Ukukubeka ngendlela...
Ukuqhuma kwe-Tsar Bomba kwakunamandla izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-1,570 600 kunamabhomu aqhunyiswa eHiroshima naseNagasaki eJapane. Ibhomu labangela ifu elikhulu lamakhowe, laphula amafasitela ezindlu zaseNorway naseFinland eziqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba ngu-XNUMX. Ukuqhuma kwalokhu kuqhuma kwazungeza imbulunga kathathu, iNew Zealand iqopha ukwanda komfutho womoya isikhathi ngasinye!
Ibhola lomlilo le-Tsar Bomba lalibonakala lisuka ngaphezu kwamamayela angu-600 futhi lalicishe libe ngamamayela angu-5 ububanzi - lalilikhulu ngokwanele ukuba limboze yonke i-Las Vegas Strip nokunye!
I-Tsar Bomba yayiyisikhali samandla amsulwa kanye nembubhiso eluhlaza, ibhomu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni elake lavivinywa. Ukuwa kwayo nge-radiological kwaklanywa ukuthi kube kuncane, nabahloli bakwazi ukubuyela esizeni ngemva kwamahora amabili nje ngaphandle kwengozi empilweni yabo.
I-Tsar Bomba ibonise ukuthi ngobuchwepheshe be-fusion, kwakungekho mkhawulo emandleni abhubhisayo okungenzeka - ngokweqile, ibhomu elikhulu, ukuqhuma okukhulu.
ISoviet Union iphethe leli rekhodi lokudala nokuhlola isikhali esinamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Izingcezu zamabhomu ezisele okwamanje ziseRussian Atomic Weapon Museum eSarov.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lapho iSoviet Union iwa, iRussia yazuza njengefa yonke izikhali zayo zenuzi!
2 Ibhomu le-Tantalum - isikhali senuzi esinosawoti
I-isotopu eyaziwa kancane engasetshenziswa ezikhalini zenuzi i-tantalum, insimbi ecwebezelayo empunga eyaziwa ngokuminyana kwayo okuphezulu nendawo yokuncibilika. Isikhali esisekelwe ku-tantalum sisebenzisa i-isotopu yokwenziwa enemisebe yensimbi - enye yama-radioisotopes okwenziwa angama-35 awaziwayo.
Ibizwa ngokuthi “ibhomu elinosawoti,” i-tantalum iye yaphenywa ukuze ikwazi ukusetshenziswa njengento yokufaka usawoti, ezobe isongwe phezu kwekhanda le-thermonuclear.
Liyini ibhomu elinosawoti?
“Amabhomu anosawoti” angezinye zezikhali eziyingozi kunazo zonke ezake zaba khona, ezibhekwa njengezinokuziphatha okubi kakhulu nezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izikhali zosuku lwembubhiso. Igama elithi usawoti lithathwe enkulumweni ethi “ukufaka usawoti emhlabeni,” okusho ukwenza inhlabathi ingabi nandawo yokuhlala. Ezikhathini zasendulo ukusatshalaliswa kukasawoti ezindaweni zamadolobha anqotshiwe kwakuyisiqalekiso sokuvimbela ukuphinde kuhlalwe endaweni ngokuvimba isitha ukulima umhlabathi.
Ibhomu elinosawoti lisebenzisa izinsimbi ezisindayo ezifana ne-tantalum futhi yakhelwe ukwehla okukhulu kwe-radiological ngokuphikisana ne-radius yokuqhuma - okukunikeza amandla okubangela ukucekelwa phansi komoya emhlabeni wonke.
Ukuqhunyiswa kwedivayisi kuqala ukusabela okuhlanganisiwe okukhulula ama-neutron anamandla amakhulu ashintsha i-tantalum-181 (“usawoti”) abe yi-tantalum-182 enemisebe ephezulu kakhulu.
Uhhafu wempilo ye-tantalum-182 cishe yizinsuku eziyi-115, okusho ukuthi indawo ezungezile ishiywe inemisebe eminingi izinyanga eziningi ngemuva kokuqhuma. Njengamanye amabhomu anosawoti kulolu hlu, ukuphuma kwezikhali kukhipha imisebe ye-gamma enamandla amakhulu ekwazi ukungena odongeni oluwugqinsi futhi ibangele ukulimala kwe-DNA kukho konke ukuphila.
Isikhali esihambisana ne-tantalum ibhomu elinosawoti we-zinc elinezici ezifanayo, nakuba i-tantalum ikhiqiza kancane. amandla aphezulu imisebe ye-gamma futhi icwaningwa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezikhali.
Ubani onebhomu ye-tantalum?
Akekho owake wathi unebhomu lenuzi elinosawoti we-tantalum.
Nokho, ngo-2018 kwaba nokukhathazeka okwandayo lokho China yayivuselela umqondo wesikhali esiyinhlekelele se-tantalum, esaqanjwa phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Izinsolo zidalwe wucwaningo olwenziwe esikhungweni socwaningo saseChina. Ososayensi abavela eChinese Academy of Sciences eBeijing babike impumelelo yabo ekudubuleni imishayo eshisa kakhulu ye-isotope tantalum enemisebe, bephakamisa ukuthi izwe linentshisekelo ethile ekusetshenzisweni kwezempi kwe-tantalum.
Eminye imininingwane ngocwaningo lwaseChina ngezikhali ze-tantalum ayikakaziwa - imininingwane enjalo izothathwa njengemfihlo yombuso egadwe kakhulu.
1 Ibhomu le-Cobalt - idivayisi ye-doomsday
Ibhomu le-cobalt liwumshini wosuku lwembubhiso - isikhali esicekela phansi kangangokuthi singaqeda yonke impilo yomuntu eMhlabeni, ibhomu lenuzi elibi kakhulu kulolu hlu.
Ibhomu le-cobalt lingolunye uhlobo “lwebhomu elinosawoti,” isikhali se-thermonuclear esiklanyelwe ukukhiqiza imisebe ethuthukisiwe. Leli bhomu lachazwa isazi sesayensi yemvelo uLeó Spitz njengethuluzi okungafanele lakhiwe kodwa ukuze libonise indlela izikhali zenuzi ezingafinyelela ngayo endaweni engabhubhisa yonke iplanethi.
Ibhomu liqukethe ibhomu le-hydrogen elizungezwe i-cobalt yensimbi, ikakhulukazi isotope ejwayelekile ye-cobalt-59. Lapho idivayisi iqhunyiswa, i-cobalt-59 ihlaselwa ama-neutron asuka ekuphenduleni kwe-fusion futhi aguqulelwe ku-cobalt-60 ene-radioactive kakhulu. I-radioactive cobalt-60 iwela phansi ivumela amaza omoya ukuthi ayisakaze emhlabeni wonke.
Linamandla kangakanani ibhomu le-cobalt?
Imisebe ekhiqizwa ibhomu le-cobalt ihlala emkhathini amashumi amaningi eminyaka, isikhathi eside kunamabhomu anosawoti afanayo asebenzisa i-tantalum noma i-zinc, okwenza izindawo zokukhosela zamabhomu zingasebenzi.
Izilinganiso ziphakamisa ukuthi umkhathi uzohlala unomsakazo cishe iminyaka engama-30-70, okuvumela isikhathi esanele sokuthi imisinga yomoya isabalalise isotopu emhlabeni wonke. Yize imisebe ihlala isikhathi eside, uhhafu wempilo ye-cobalt-60 mfushane ngokwanele ukukhiqiza okukhulu. imisebe ebulalayo. Eqinisweni, i-cobalt ikhipha imisebe ye-gamma yamandla aphezulu kunako kokubili i-tantalum ne-zinc - okwenza ibhomu le-cobalt libe isikhali esiyingozi kunazo zonke emhlabeni.
Kuya kusabisa kakhulu:
Uhlobo lwemisebe ekhishwa ibhomu elinosawoti njenge-cobalt luyingozi kakhulu. I-Cobalt-60 ikhipha imisebe ye-gamma enamandla amakhulu ekwazi ukungena kalula esikhunjeni futhi cishe zonke izithiyo.
Imisebe ye-Gamma ingena kangangokuthi kudingeka amasentimitha amaningana omthofu noma izinyawo eziningi zikakhonkolo ukuze ivinjwe.
Imisebe ye-gamma ekhiqizwa ibhomu le-cobalt (namanye amabhomu anosawoti) ingadlula kalula emzimbeni womuntu, ibangele ukulimala kwezicubu kanye ne-DNA futhi igcine idala umdlavuza. Imiphumela yesikhashana ye imisebe ye-gamma zihlanganisa ukusha kwesikhumba, ukugula ngemisebe, futhi ngokuvamile ukufa okubuhlungu.
Ingabe ibhomu le-cobalt likhona?
Alikho izwe elaziwayo ukuthi linebhomu lenuzi okuthiwa i-cobalt ngoba isikhali esinjalo sithathwa njengento engekho emthethweni.
Ngo-1957, abaseBrithani bahlola ibhomu besebenzisa i-cobalt pellets njengendlela yokulandelela ukukala isivuno, kodwa ukuhlolwa kwakubhekwa njengokuhluleka futhi akuzange kuphindwe.
Nazi izindaba ezimbi...
Ngo-2015, idokhumenti yezobunhloli eputshuziwe yaphakamisa ukuthi iRussia yayiklama i-torpedo yenuzi ukuze idale “izindawo ezibanzi zokungcoliswa kwemisebe, izenze zingakwazi ukusetshenziselwa umsebenzi wezempi, wezomnotho noma omunye isikhathi eside.”
Iphephandaba laseRussia laqagela ukuthi lesi sikhali ngempela a ibhomu ye-cobalt. Yize ulimi olusetshenziswe kulo mbhalo luphakamisa ukuthi isikhali kungenzeka sisebenzisa i-cobalt ngokuklama, akwaziwa ukuthi amaRussia ayehlose noma enze ibhomu le-cobalt. Vele, ukwakha noma ukuba nebhomu le-cobalt kungahlukaniswa kakhulu njengoba impendulo yamazwe ngamazwe kungaba ukucasuka nokwethuka.
Izindaba ezinhle, mhlawumbe, ukuthi ukwakhiwa kwesikhali esinjalo ngabaseRussia bekungeke kube nengqondo, kucatshangelwa ukuthi ukuwa kwe-radiological kuzogcina kufinyelele ezweni laseRussia.
Umuntu ohlanyayo kuphela noma uhulumeni ongacabanga ukusebenzisa isikhali esinjalo ngaphandle uma benezinhlelo zokuhlanganisa enye iplanethi noma bahlale endaweni engaphansi komhlaba ejulile impilo yabo yonke yemvelo.
Ngakho-ke, akekho ongaba yisiphukuphuku ngokwanele ukwakha ibhomu le-cobalt - akunjalo?
Sidinga usizo LAKHO! Sikulethela izindaba ezingahloliwe ze MAHHALA, kodwa lokhu singakwenza kuphela ngenxa yokusekelwa ngabafundi abathembekile njengalokhu WENA! Uma ukholelwa enkulumweni yamahhala futhi ujabulele izindaba zangempela, sicela ucabangele ukusekela umgomo wethu ngokuthi ekubeni umlandeli noma ngokwenza a umnikelo owodwa lapha. I-20% ye KONKE izimali zinikelwa kumakadebona!
Lesi sihloko singenzeka ngenxa yethu kuphela abaxhasi nabaxhasi!
Joyina ingxoxo!